Bcom 275 Demonstrative Communication Paper

Demonstrative Communication Paper BY: Erin Kelly BCOM 275 There are several things that can be said about nonverbal and unwritten communication. When you are talking to someone or someone is talking to you. You can tell a lot about how well the person is listening and understands what you are saying. You can also tell by their body language and facial expressions if they are interested in what you are saying. If you are talking to someone and they are not making eye contact that shows a few things either they don’t understand what you are talking about or they are not interested in what you are saying. If they are looking at you but have a puzzled look on their face that shows they are listening but also shows they are confused about what you are talking about or what you are saying is completely wrong or off the topic you started talking about. Body language also tells a lot about the listener and the speaker. If you are talking to someone and they are playing with their hands, folding their arms or doing anything else but paying full attention to the speaker. That shows they are just waiting for you to be done talking so that they can go back and do what they would rather be doing. If the speaker is looking around the room or maybe playing with the note cards or whatever the case may be. That shows that maybe they aren’t very comfortable with what they are talking about or they are not very good at public speaking. Other things that are unwritten and nonverbal are they we live. If you have a clean and organized house or apartment that says a lot about you to other people. If your home is inviting and colorful and cheery that shows that you are ready for visitors at any time and they are welcome they are welcome to come in. If your house or apartment is dark and messy that shows you would rather be alone and have no one come over. Do you have a fence or a line of trees separating you from your neighbors that also says a lot about you? It says you are a not a very social person and would rather be left alone then talk to people. In some cultures touching and hugging is a big part of their lives. How you touch someone says a lot about you. The way you touch someone says a lot if you touch them loving and comforting it shows you are kind. If you touch them too hard and hurt them, people are going to be afraid to touch you when they see you. In the United States we always shake hands with people when see them or meet someone a new person. That says you are friendly but not always in a good way. We shake hands with a lot of people and sometimes we don’t really want to see that person any more. The way we handle employees at work is another example. If you have to reprimand and an employee the way you go about it says a lot about you. If you are loud and yell at the employee it says you don’t respect the person as an employee or a person in general. You are telling that employee that they are basically useless and you don’t want them around. If you reprimand the employee but do it in a positive way that says you respect the employee and you are just trying to help them learn from their mistakes. That shows them that they are part of the team and you are willing to work them until they understand what you expect of them. We show nonverbal and unwritten communication in our lives each and every day. How we choose to do it is up to us. Only we can give an impression on people it’s up to us if we want to leave a good impression or a bad impression. We communicate with every one we see though out the day and it’s not always good communication. So we need to remember that every time we come in contact with someone. How do we want that person to remember us?

Arthur Miller ‘s presentation Essay

By focusing on three or four scenes, examine Arthur Miller ‘s presentation of John Proctor’s moral journey. A crucible is defined in the dictionary as ‘a severe test or trial’. Throughout this play, John Proctor’s morals and beliefs are challenged to a great extent as we watch his character develop and admire his strength to do what is right whatever the consequences. A moral journey is the development of someone’s morals and beliefs as they are tested by certain situations and react to them in different ways. I wouldn’t say it was a mapped out journey, more one that is likely to change without warning. Salem was a very religious and close-knit community. The strict creed meant that its inhabitants lived very monotonous lives and continuously feared doing wrong by God. Many people found they could not live with the pressures forced upon them by the church as religion was preached so vigorously and people were discouraged from forming their own opinion on life. This caused the community to become very repressed. The way everyone reacted to the accusations of witchcraft stem from this. People suddenly became very paranoid of everybody else’s actions and also became suspicious that they may be a witch. They also used the right to call somebody a witch as vengeance. The fact that Proctor was willing to go against the church and the rest of the community to follow his views of descent conduct makes him stand out. I will be studying several extracts of the play to illustrate Proctor’s moral journey. John Proctor is often seen as the main character in the play and the first point where we are given any information about him is in the early stages of Act 1. Here, Miller directly intervenes and provides us with a lengthy passage on John Proctor giving us information on his background and character. This is essential, as otherwise, we have no knowledge of his values before he enters the stage. Miller’s script: â€Å"But as we shall see, the steady manner he displays does not spring from an untroubled soul. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of descent conduct. † This quote also backs up the idea that John does not need to be punished for sins he has committed, as he is his own worst critic. At first Miller portrays him in a harsh light. When he enters in the first act, he reprimands his servant for not being at home helping Elizabeth and orders her to go immediately. The stage directions here allow us to see the effect of John on others. He obviously has a sense of authority as Miller describes Mary Warren’s reaction when he enters the room as follows: ‘She can barely speak for embarrassment and fear’ After the departure of Mary, John is then left alone with Abigail and Miller presents us with a scene full of hurt, desire and tension. Abigail is a very useful character when analysing John’s morals. She is very manipulative and tests his will power to reject her. John, at first, is not aware of Abigail’s determination to win his love. He says impulsively some things that Abigail interprets in her own, yet wrong, way. She then seems very confident about what she is saying and feels she is being lead on. Proctor: â€Å"Ah, you’re wicked yet, aren’t y’! (A thrill of expectant laughter escapes her, and she dares come closer, feverishly looking in his eyes)† The stage directions at this point are very important, as they are essential in the understanding of how Abigail is feeling. After this move of Abigail’s, John realises that she is serious and is still holding hope for him. He decides to put this right by making it quite clear to her that he is not willing to continue their relationship. Proctor: â€Å"Abby I may think of you softly from time to time but I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again. † This shows that Proctor has learnt from his mistakes and although he is tempted, he is not willing to commit the same sin again. This is quite extreme for him to state and shows that he is serious about what he is saying. It is also evident from the stage directions that John is ‘(angered-at himself as well). ‘ This shows that he has admitted to himself that he was wrong and now he is feeling guilty and angry with himself for all the trouble he has caused in his relationship with Elizabeth. The stage directions are very powerful in this extract as they show the characters emotions and they explain the situation well. This extract shows a very important part of John Proctor’s moral journey as he manages to resist Abigail’s advances. It must have taken a lot for him to do this, as it would be hard both mentally and physically for him. This shows how his character is starting to develop as he has learnt from previous experiences and is beginning to face and correct his sins rather than just ignoring them. The next extract I will be examining is in the early parts of Act two. This is set eight days on from the last scene and there is a very different atmosphere. Instead of passion and heat, this scene is awkward and tense. It shows how Proctor is not being honest with his wife, Elizabeth, and instead there is a lot of pretence. This is an important time in Proctors moral journey as it shows us how he is coping with his relationship with Elizabeth. It is evident that Proctor is still in denial and is not facing up to his actions. He doesn’t realise that the lies and secrets he is keeping will affect so badly what happen in future events. At the beginning of this Act, Miller sets the scene effectively using stage directions. He describes the room as ‘low, dark, and rather long living-room of the time’. This immediately changes our mood and calms us down in anticipation of a more sombre and serious scene. In this scene dialogue, as well as stage directions, play a very important part in portraying the characters feelings. The stage directions especially help us to interpret how certain lines should be said (as this is a play) and how characters should act. Proctor is not truthful to Elizabeth in this scene. He firstly lies about his interview with Abigail as he feels she won’t understand. He tells her that he has been working on the farm in hope that he will sympathise with him. This is part of his moral journey as it shows he is still in denial and feels that time will sort his problems out. He is prolonging the consequences of his actions that he knows one day he’ll have to face.

Design the Evaluation Plan, Part 3 Research Paper

Design the Evaluation Plan, Part 3 - Research Paper Example This however is not possible if the teachers in the system are not. Every day there are multiple cases of disgruntled parents and students who feel that the treatment they get in our public schools is short of their expectations. It is therefore wise to come up with a training program that trains teachers on the matter. For the government to support such a training project, we need to evaluate the cultural competence of the teachers in our schools first. In light of this, this paper is an evaluation plan for the cultural competence of teachers in public schools. Evaluation Scope and Purpose The Department of Education is interested in funding a proposed training project to enhance cultural competence of the teachers in public schools. It commissioned an evaluation of the teacher cultural competence so as to get data to pass the teacher cultural competence training as policy. Of interest to the ED is an evaluation plan which identifies the project’s strengths and weaknesses so that they will have the means to improve the educational system. Emphasis is especially laid on the need to enhance the cultural competence of the teachers. The ethical issues around prior conduct of the teachers need to be evaluated due to political considerations. There is the apparent need to enhance the cultural competence of the teachers. ... cultural competence of the teachers that are not in the training project design foresight and hence have possible remedies for them sought a forehand before the training commences. The evaluation seeks to answer the questions; i. Is there a dire need to improve the cultural competence of the teachers in the public schools? ii. Are the public education stakeholders satisfied with the cultural competence of the teachers? iii. What should be detailed in their cultural competence training project? Evaluation Team Members and Stakeholders The evaluation team will consists of a group of ten (10) chosen from several disciplines. There will be one (1) general overseer who will be the evaluation comptroller. The general overseer gives tasks and will act as the project coordinator. It is important to have an in-charge for any group to function effectively. There will be two (2) audit officers, three (3) social workers who should be experts in public education issues, two (2) volunteers and two (2) external evaluators. It is wise to conduct the evaluation with ‘outsiders’ since they are not involved in the funding or the implementation of the program. They are useful in identifying useful indicators, assessing the program in relation to quality, effectiveness and efficiency and describing pre- and post-program levels of stressors. Their approach is neutral due to lack of any links with the organization hence they have a non-partisan perspective to the evaluation. Their input has to be impartial in the evaluation. However, the limitations that come with external evaluators are lack of specialised knowledge in matters concerning public education. They may as well be a source of extra stress on the stakeholders. Project Logic and Indicators The evaluation will have two scheduled

Quote by Bill Cosby on Success Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quote by Bill Cosby on Success - Assignment Example During that time, I experienced the fear of failure many times. I was often not sure whether I had made the right decision or not. The first year that I was here, the language year, I studied and worked hard without thinking about my fears. I attempted to make my desire to succeed more than my fear of failure, and so that’s what I did. I had expected to be studying language for a whole year, but after only six months I passed the TOEFL test needed to enroll in Embry-Riddle. After taking some time for reflection, I realize that if I did not make my desire for success greater than my fear of failure, then I never would have made it to ERAU. When Christopher Columbus set out to find India, he was not sure of what he was getting himself into. No one had ever sailed far enough west before to discover new lands. Columbus already knew that the world was round (he also knew that India was in the east), so if he sailed west he would eventually find it. There was a chance that Columbus would die in his voyage to discover India. However, Columbus was determined enough to travel through uncharted waters that his desire for success was greater than his fear of failure. Of course, we all know that Columbus did not find India, but in fact discovered the Caribbean and then what is now known as the United

Super man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Super man - Essay Example Superman constructs a certain role model of manliness reflecting popular 20th century concepts of masculinity. The most attractive feature in Superman figure is that he can transform from his superhero image to â€Å"the mediocre man of flesh and blood† which serves the mask to his extraordinary abilities. The personality of Superman is split. He has a private life which has nothing to do with his public heroism. In everyday life Superman is Clark Kent, ordinary journalist, clumsy and soft. The contrast between two identities is maximized to emphasise masculinity features. The dual identity of the hero from the launch of Superman series became a formula of masculine image. On one hand the superhero has body which is vividly masculine as well as the confidence and power which suggest of the ideal of man, on the other hand he is soft, powerless, unconfident representing a feminized man. Superhero images have always blended masculinity with muscles. The most obvious external signifier of masculinity has been the male body. Male body images reflect all the conventions related with male superiority. Muscles symbolizing masculine physical strength serve as a code for sexual difference. The muscular body is clear sign of masculine power. (Brown, 1999 p.25) Muscles are associated with masculinity so strongly that women like professional body builders who exhibit ‘noticeable muscularity’ are accused in manliness while men who lack muscular power are criticized for being too feminine. The contrast of two identities of the hero plays an important role in shaping masculinity image. That makes Superman a masculine ideal of 20th century. Superman possesses exceptional qualities like flying, gliding on air currents, seeing through walls. He gets more and more powers equalling to God. Besides, he is a defender of truth with exceptional feeling of justice and handsome looks. Clark

The Shawshank Redemption Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Shawshank Redemption - Movie Review Example In the movie it was shown that a white person is jailed and he meets a group of other prisoners, having mixed ethnicity. He develops a kind of intimacy with the group. This is kind of unusual in real life, considering the time depicted in the movie. As at that time there was a great deal of racism and mostly people preferred having friendship with people of the same color. But the movie continuously follows the theme of a bond of friendship between a white and an African-American prisoner. This theme has been the basis and the beauty of the movie. Even though it would have been unlikely in real life scenario, but it was opted for creating a temptation among the viewers (Bossik). The primary allegory in Shawshank Redemption is the myth shown in the prison assortment it. In the film there is shown an airborne gunshot of the jail yard. The thing odd about this shot is it’s depictured of non-segregated racial diversity. Prisoners framed in the scene are depicted like a disperse plot with no association. Apart from that, the education level and social class is also been highlighted in Shawshank Redemption which somewhat contradicts with the reality. Andy is shown as a man who is well educated and belongs to an upper social class. Not only does this raise questions on the educated society but also, this kind of a scenario is not seen much amongst the people in real life. The prisoners of those times in real life were not very interactive with each other and especially with those which did not belonged to them. For example a white man would always be found with a white man. But the movie eliminated the concept of racism which at that time was considered to be a serious issue. The movie depicts many things which are not only to be taken as fantasy, but also were very opposite of what actually happened during that time. The

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision Essay

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision in UK - Essay Example In practice, United Kingdom’s education system has a holistic purpose. United Kingdom’s education curriculum states that education is a conventional process in which the society intentionally channels its amassed dexterity, skills, knowledge, values and customs from one coeval to the other. Education is one of the fundamental units for an individual’s development and immiseration reduction. For the child to learn effectively, there are various factors that need to be weighed and evaluated (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 12). Children surrounded by a strong learning environment that is supportive and informative improve on their educational improvement. When considering the role of education and the desired goal and the result, it is necessary to observe where the current education system stands and the effects that have impacted upon it (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 20). Students exposed to underprivileged, and poor educational surrounding are at a high peril of a ne gative learning effect. United Kingdom has distinct metropolitan boroughs. Each borough has a different social set up. This paper will focus on Barking and Dagenham borough. The fact that children are particularly vulnerable makes early childhood education accomplishment a rough and tough experience. This is because there are social, cultural and economic factors that affect the provision of early childhood education. ... In adapting to the environment, the child assimilates and accommodates the new experiences within her or himself. Social factors are the elements within the society or social environment (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 25). These elements include family, locality, political system, mobility rate and the child’s relations. Barking and Dagenham borough has a high number of educational institutions and a high number of learned and affluent adults. It is one of the most developing metropolitan boroughs in the region. Barking and Dagenham borough consists of affluent families and learned adults. A family is a social unit where related people live together. It can either affect early year’s education of a child positively or negatively (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 30). Relatively, a parent’s education will affect the child’s education. An affluent parent has a high consideration for education and sets academic goals for the child. The educated parent has a higher access to e ducational resources for the child. A child with either one of the parents as a doctor or an engineer is motivated to attain a higher education level than the parent (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 38). A community with educated and learned parents, such as Barking and Dagenham community will have a higher demand for education. From this fact, we can conclude that the parent's level of education in Barking and Dagenham determines a child’s early education provision in a given society or community. The family environment affects a child’s education (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 45). From various studies conducted by the not-for-profit organizations across all the boroughs, most of families are peaceful, and cases of family violence are minimal. A peaceful

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Answer question - Essay Example One key aspect of Christian struggle or Jihad is, show love to others and practice non-violence. Jesus said â€Å"Love your neighbor† and what’s more â€Å"love your enemies† as seen in Luke 6:27. Also Matthew 5:9 says blessed is the peacemaker. Therefore, Christians should struggle in fighting for peace and unity, even if one has to embrace sworn enemies. Similarly, the Quran demands that Muslims struggle against use of violence but make peace and speak well of others even if they are non-Muslims (Quran 17:53-54 and Quran 2:256). Another major element of Jihad in Christianity struggle is to ensure they do not pay back evil for evil as written in Romans 12:17. In a similar way Quran 4:9 asks Muslims to refrain from fighting back. Moreover, Christians should strive to eliminate evil in the society and from humanity. Many instances in the Bible such as in Exodus 22: 18-20, Exodus 32: 27-28 and Numbers 31:1-18 allows punishment of evildoers in the very harsh way Just like Jihad in Islam that aims at clearing evil in the society. Many other elements of jihad or struggle such as defending of faith, strive to keep doing good, to struggle for the later kingdom and life after death among other things as found in Quran are evident in the Bible. From above perspectives, jihad is an all religions phenomenon of struggling in battle against selfishness, godlessness and injustice. In essence, Muslims and Christians share a similar â€Å"Jihad†. That of love for humanity, searches for knowledge, non-violence and perfection of the souls (Considine

Globalization and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Globalization and Education - Essay Example The modernization theory finds main effect of globalization on societies which converge as a result of spread of markets and technology. However, complete loss of identity of various societies the world over is highly unlikely. Sociologist Giddens further adds a noteworthy point to the definition of globalization. He states that it fragments a society by giving benefits unevenly; advantages to some strata of society while others remain deprived, thus the effect of globalization can not be seen as generalized change occurring uniformly, a statement that applies well to the current state of Asian nations. The thought of convergence of societies seems somewhat superficial as the main impact of globalization. Guellin (2001) takes Giddens' definition further stating that there is more inequality between countries than it was ten or even hundred years ago while the wage inequality has taken the form of a problem in the highly developed nations also. Levitt (as cited in Guellin, 2001, p252) probably based his studies on consumption of goods across world when he stated that the consumer of the world has become cosmopolitan. But the sociologist Sklair, though accepts some homogenization of culture across nations bu t terms it only a temporary effect on account of similar lifestyles, tastes and desires (as cited in Guellin, 2001, p252). Nevertheless, it is clear from every point of view that Globalization has affected lifestyles and brought people together though the extent and future impact of it may be topics of discussion. The impact of globalization is considerable on education but are we heading for virtual class rooms The article pays attention to four dimensions of globalization and then particularly elaborates the influence of globalization on education around the world. 2.0 Four dimensions of globalization: 2.1 Political dimension: Globalization is often referred in terms of market and a general view perceived is that market has become global while governments remained national. It is not only a contradiction; it also neglects a very important impact of globalization. The governments seek international cooperation since they have problems that can not be solved alone. Generally the global governance is perceived as dominance of multinationals in world market and USA in world politics. Jones (144) refers Hirst & Thompson (1996) who saw in globalization the attainment of century-old ideals of the free-trade liberals and who looked to "a demilitarized world in which business activity is primary and political power has no other tasks than the protection of the world free trading system". Held (397) though feels that autonomy and sovereignty of national governments are changing but these in no way have collapsed in the era of globalization. The changes, however, are manifolds such as: The center of effective power is no longer the national government. It is shared by various forces at national regional and international levels. Secondly, the much political self-determination have crossed the boundaries of nation and states for e. g. environmental issues or human rights

Communication Methods in the Organizations Essay

Communication Methods in the Organizations - Essay Example An advantage of this mode of communication is that the response from either party in the conversation is instant and one which expresses their feelings better. However, the downside of it is that the method may not be effective where a lot of people are involved, for example, a large-sized organization. Meetings involve a group of people who exchange ideas in a collective fashion where the leaders (management) outlines the topic and direction whereas the participants are allowed to air their views and opinions thereafter. An advantage of this type of communication is that it allows more collaboration and inclusion of better ideas. This is because the involvement of employees provides them with a platform to contribute their ideas which are essential in formulating a better strategy. However, a disadvantage of meetings is that they tend to waste a lot of valuable time, especially where a large number of competing voices are involved. Memos are usually short forms of communication used in a majority of companies today. Typically, memos are used when the management aims to make announcements regarding events or other activities expected to take place within the organization. An advantage of using memo is that they help to relay the information in a simple, straightforward and precise fashion. This helps to save a lot of valuable time for both the management and employees. A disadvantage of memos, however, is that they lack the scope to provide detailed information and thus they could be a source of confusion if the information provided is not very clear. The use of emails has grown in popularity in the recent past as one of the crucial forms of communication in organizations. The main advantage of using emails is that they are low-costing compared to other forms such as the telephone and postage. However, a disadvantage of using emails is that it might not be an appropriate method for communicating with employees who have little knowledge.

The moral and political status of children Essay Example for Free

The moral and political status of children Essay The children rights are human rights given to children with specific attention to the rights of special care and protection to minors. Children have the rights to associate with both parents, basic needs such as food, human identity healthcare, education and criminal laws. The interpretation of the rights of children ranges from permitting the children the autonomous capacity action to enforcement of children being mentally, physically and emotionally free from abuse. Most states defines a child as a human being below the age of eighteen, unless under the law that is applicable to the child. The question of whether the legally accorded rights should be afforded to children, and what extent and nature of the anticipated rights should be, has elicited vigorous debates among sociologists and law experts. The movement of the children’s rights can be attributed to the inclined concerns in the society over the individual rights and the recognition of a child abuse as a challenge to the society. Thesis Statement: Children should not be given equal rights to adults The idea of children being afforded legally recognized rights is a revolutionary subject in numerous approaches. Historically, the children were taken care of by their parents. However, since they are presumed by the law to lack the capacity of adults, they are denied extended participation in legal, social and political processes. According to Smyth (2013, p. 47) children are afforded special protection by a majority of the states. However, today most scholars consider the control to be oppressive and harmful to children. The immense volume of the scholarship literature referencing the multiple approaches of affording the expression to the notion that children should have rights, the content of the rights and the actual formulation f the rights. There is no yet a coherent theory of the rights of children that is hardly surprising (Couzens 2007, p. 91). The demand for enforcement and recognition of the rights of children attracts the attention of various societal believes. One hurdle in the development of coherent theory of the rights of children is the fact that in defining the children’s rights, it is significant to consider the children status as being a member of a family group and as an individual.Glendon argues that rights are good and essential; however, they have dominated the public discourse in unhealthy ways. Referring to Fernando (2001, p. 221) children rights are by nature individualistic and frequently unable to deal with the non-individualistic struggles in the society. Glendon further writes that children rights are legalistic and spurious law talks they contain have corrupt debates from the public. Likewise, the rights based on the claims of powerlessness to slow the dislocation and destruction of the formerly thriving communities by both urban renewal and de-industrialization destroy the society. The libertarianism provides that rights have drawn a distinction between adults and children. They assert that the children’s rights ar e rational, a creation of divine and persuasion of interests. According to the theory, moral rationality is the ability of an individual to reason about justifications and actions (Archard Macleod 2002, p. 173). Thus, the beings that can reason about moral matters should be accorded moral worth. Therefore, being given rights means being of moral reason. Consequently, the conception of rationality avoids the paternalistic counter that a person is not acting rationally to be forced to do so. So, by virtue of the lack of capacity that adults have, children should not be accorded similar rights to adults. Likewise, the functionalism asserts that every part of the society should contribute to the societal stability. According t the functionalism there is an order that exists in the society that brings social stability. Therefore, the children lack the capacity to stabilize the society. In similar assertions, the Marxist theory underscores that the property within the state belongs to th e individuals who created the wealth. Therefore, only people who work should benefit in the labour equally (Smyth 2013, p. 175). Therefore, by virtue of the inability of children to take the unrightfully profits and possessions as a claim of rights would not benefit them. Conclusion The correct policy of children’s rights lies somewhere between the extremes of minimum intervention and maximum coercive. Therefore, to determine the limits state intervention, the correct policy that lies in the correct application of the child’s standard of interest is significant. In a nutshell, there must be a safety net and no non-interventionist can be absolute. The children must be protected from dangers, but they should not have equal rights in the society. References Archard, D., Macleod, C. M. (2002). The moral and political status of children. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Couzens, M. (2007). Autonomy Rights versus Parental Autonomy. UN Childrens Rights Convention : Theory Meets Practice : Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference on Childrens Rights, 18-19 May 2006, Ghent, Belgium. 419-439.Fernando, J. L. (2001). Childrens rights. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.Smyth, C. (2013). Is the right of the child to liberty safeguarded in the Common European Asylum System?. European Journal of Migration and Law, 15, 2.) Source document

Early Christian Music Essay Example for Free

Early Christian Music Essay Singing is an essential part of worship to God. Even the creation itself was accompanied by the singing of morning stars (KJV, Job 38:7). So, music and singing were a vital part of the Israel and in the Old Testament we may find numerous confirmations of this fact. Jesus Himself sang hymns with His disciples before His sufferings (Matthew 26:30). During the Apostolic Era, singing in temple and synagogues still united the Jewish nation, and the apostles urged the believers to sing psalms, when anyone is merry (James 5:13), and in his letter to Corinthians, when he mentioned about the order in the congregation, Paul wrote that â€Å"everyone of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-Corinth. 14:26), where psalm is mentioned first. Psalms became the primary source texts for Christian music and liturgy establishment. Christianity, which originated from the Middle East and had spread throughout the Roman Empire during the first five centuries A. D. , was founded on the basis of the Jewish religion and, therefore, its key practices, such as the sacrificial concept and worship, are rooted and were formed from the traditions and commandments of the Old Testament. The center of Church singing became Christ, the Lord. Music was not limited by canons or regulations; it was simple and exalted, joining the loving souls. Love to the Savior Jesus Christ was so deep that the first Christians were aware of the tiniest step towards worldly and pagan influence; therefore, pomp and coddle of roman music did not attracted them. The basis of singing in the early church was music of the Temple in Jerusalem – the chant of words from the Scripture. One was leading, while the whole congregation repeated him. Other Christian singings included: â€Å"speaking to [themselves] in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in [their] hearts to the Lord† (Eph. 5:19), which represented a two-part singing by-turn; being filled with the Holy Spirit, Christians were making and singing new songs, like the new song to honor the Lamb in the Revelation of John. Pliny the Younger, the Roman appointee in Bithynia, in his report to the Roman â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #2† Emperor 110 A. D. , had found out that the activities of Christians are not anti-social and their meetings are simple and start with singing a hymn of praise to Christ, as God. During the Roman persecution, Christians were forced to make services in catacombs – the walls of these galleries still keep the images of singers and, moreover, the texts of hymns. Monotonous music of hymns was amazing in its austerity and exaltation at the same time. Musical instruments were not allowed because of their heathen usage. On the first council of Nicaea in 325, the persecuted church became the state one. Therefore, singing and worship, staying monotonous, was supplemented with such chants as Gallican France, Mozarabic (Visigothic) Spain, Old Roman, Ambrosian, and Sarum use – England (Norton, 2002) and was influenced by national differences. The second council in 381 had excluded non-Christian singing, for Christian music, enjoying the freedom for decades, had been loosing its vitality and simplicity. 100 years later, Manlius Severinus Boethius had written a five-volume book on music – De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music) – where he had concluded writings and findings of Greek authors (Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Euclid and Aristoxenus). Boethius had divided music into three categories: musica mundane – described the universe, planets, seasons – music of the spheres; musica humana – described the interrelations of body and soul; musica instrumentalis – described music performed with the help of instrument or voice (Norton, 2002). He claimed that music must be a representation of harmony, knowledge, and order. St. Ambrose and St. Gregory the Great played the most significant role in the development of early Christian music – they have left the patterns, which are now called Ambrosian and Gregorian chants, though the founders themselves had no intention to establish a canon. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, realized the need to enrich the monotonous hymn’s â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #3† performance and wrote a number of hymns for his church, which reproduce the psalms of David in verses. He depicted bright images, using a manifold oratorical language of Cicerone, Horatio and Vergilius. His music was simple and close to folk’s one. He introduced antiphonal singing, known in Jerusalem Temple, which represents a by-turn psalm singing of soloist, while the rest of congregation is refraining (antiphon) the verses. Besides, Ambrose had put a foundation for eight voice chorus in the West. The original form of Ambrosian chant is still kept in native Milan. Pope St. Gregory I, a son of roman Senator, who refused to serve these worldly passions, and, having sold his possessions, entered the St. Andrew’s monastery, became the first monk, who was elected to be the pope. Being devoted to liturgy, which was aimed at prayer and teaching, he advanced the plain singing as a sacred music and stressed on the importance of church music as an outer manifestation of faith that can raise man’s heart to spiritual level. This form of monophonic chant became a standard of monastery (Office) and public (the Mass) worship, as well as other services, and had been sung by choirs. This very chant had replaced Old Roman chant in Rome and has been revised and developed until the tenth century A. D. The singing itself started with â€Å"halleluiah† – the victorious exclamation of Christians after two and a half centuries of persecution. Its best samples were composed at the end of 5th century (between the invasions of Goths and Lombards), in the epoch of wars, destructions, plagues, famine, disasters – such horrifying that Gregory supposed them to be the signs of the end and presages of the Last Judgment. Yet, this singing is filled with peace and faith for the future. Therefore, the Early Christian Music was written in times of persecutions and hardships and was aimed to inspire and give faith to believers. That is why the chants and hymns of that time still restore the souls of mankind and are the basis for main services in the most of Christian world. Works Cited: Holy Bible, King James Version. Plume, 1974. Norton, W. â€Å"Music in the Early Christian Church†. Concise History of Western Music. 2002. W. W. Norton Company. 11 Apr 2008 http://www. wwnorton. com/college/music/concise/ch1_outline1. htm. Ward, Justine. â€Å"The Reform of Church Music†. The Atlantic Monthly 04 1906 1-10. 11 Apr 2008 http://www. musicasacra. com/publications/sacredmusic/pdf/ward. pdf.

What is the Effect of Video Games on Society?

What is the Effect of Video Games on Society? Is playing video games great or terrible? It might be both. Video games are scowled upon by parents as time-wasters, and more regrettable, some training specialists imagine that these diversions degenerate the cerebrum. Violent video games are effectively faulted by the media and a few specialists as the motivation behind why some youngsters get vicious or submit compelling against social conduct. But numerous researchers and therapists find that video games can really have numerous profits – the principle one is making children keen. Video games might really show kids large amount of thinking aptitudes that they will require later in their lives. Video games change your brain, according to University of Wisconsin psychologist C. Shawn Green. Playing video games change the brain’s physical structure the same way as do learning to read, playing the piano, or navigating using a map. Much like activity can fabricate muscle, the effective synthesis of fixation and compensating surges of neurotransmitters like dopamine reinforce neural circuits that can build the brain. Below are the good and bad effects of video games, according to researchers and child experts: Positive Effects of Video Games When a person plays video games, it gives the persons brain a real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at school. Some of the mental skills enhanced by video games include: -Following instructions -Problem solving and logic When kids play games such as The Incredible Machine, Angry Birds or Cut The Rope, they train their brain to come up with creative ways to solve puzzles and other problems in short bursts Hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brains interpretation and reaction with the movement in their hands and fingertips. This process requires a great deal of eye-hand coordination and visual-spatial ability to be successful. Research also suggests that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with adults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Also, a reason given by experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that this generation’s pilots are being weaned on video games. Planning, resource management and logistics The player learns to manage resources that are limited, and decide the best use of resources, the same way as in real life. This skill is honed in strategy games such as SimCity, Age of Empires, and Railroad Tycoon. Notably, The American Planning Association, the trade association of urban planners and Maxis, the game creator, have claimed that SimCity has inspired a lot of its players to take a career in urban planning and architecture. Multitasking, simultaneous tracking of many shifting variables and managing multiple objectives In strategy games, for instance, while developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge. This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics. Quick thinking, making fast analysis and decisions. S ometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. Importantly, decisions made by action-packed video game players are no less accurate. According to  Bavelier, Action game players make more correct decisions per unit time. If you are a surgeon or you are in the middle of a battlefield, that can make all the difference. Accuracy Action games, according to a  study by the University of Rochester, train the brains of players to make faster decisions without losing accuracy. In today’s world, it is important to move quickly without sacrificing accuracy. Strategy and anticipation Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Todays Popular Culture is Actually Making Us Smarter, calls this telescoping. Gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Situational awareness Defense News reported that the Army include video games to train soldiers improve their situational awareness in combat. Many strategy games also require players to become mindful of sudden situational changes in the game and adapt accordingly. Developing reading and math skills Young gamers force themselves to read to get instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the game texts. Also, using math skills is important to win in many games that involves quantitative analysis like managing resources. Perseverance In higher levels of a game, players usually fail the first time around, but they keep on trying until they succeed and move on to the next level. Pattern recognition Games have internal logic in them, and players figure it out by recognizing patterns. Estimating skills Inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing   James Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says that playing a video game is similar to working through a science problem. Like students in a laboratory, gamers must come up with a hypothesis. For example, players in some games constantly try out combinations of weapons and powers to use to defeat an enemy. If one does not work, they change hypothesis and try the next one. Video games are goal-driven experiences, says Gee, which are fundamental to learning. Mapping Gamers use in-game maps or build maps on their heads to navigate around virtual worlds. Memory   Playing first person shooter games such as Call of Duty and Battlefield series enables players to effectively judge what information should be stored in their working memory and what can be discarded considering the task at hand, according to a study published in the Psychological Research. Concentration   A study conducted by the Appalachia Educational Laboratory reveal that children with attention-deficit disorder who played Dance Dance Revolution improve their reading scores by helping them concentrate. Improved ability to rapidly and accurately recognize visual information A study from Beth Israel Medical Center NY, found a direct link between skill at video gaming and skill at keyhole, or laparoscopic, surgery. Taking risks Winning in any game involves a players courage to take risks. Most games do not reward players who play safely. Teamwork and cooperation when played with others Many multiplayer games such as Team Fortress 2 involve cooperation with other online players in order to win. These games encourage players to make the most of their individual skills to contribute to the team. According to a survey by Joan Ganz Cooney Center, teachers report that their students become better collaborators after using digital games in the classroom. Management Management simulation games such as Rollercoaster Tycoon and Zoo tycoon teach players to make management decisions and manage the effective use of finite resources. Other games such as Age of Empires and Civilization even simulate managing the course of a civilization. -Simulation, real world skills The most well known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All of the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time. -Video games help children with dyslexia read faster and with better accuracy, according to a study by the journalCurrent Biology. In addition, Spatial and temporal attention also improved during action video game training. Attentional improvement can directly translate into better reading abilities. Release of Aggression and Frustration. Violent video games may act as a release of pent-up aggression and frustration. When a person vents his frustration and anger in his game, this diffuses his stress. Games can provide a positive aggression outlet the same way as football and other violent sports. -A 2013 study by the Berlin’s Max Planck Institute for Human Development and St. Hedwig-Hospital found a significant gray matter increase in the right hippocampus, the right prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum of those who played Super Mario 64 for 30 minutes a day over two months. These regions of the brain are crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance. Indeed, the increased gray matter in these parts of the brain is positively correlated with better memory. Decreased gray matter is correlated with bipolar disorder and dementia. Whats also striking is that those who enjoyed playing the game has a more pronounced gain in gray matter volume. Thestudysuggests that video game training could be used to counteract known risk factors for smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume in, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease. Negative Effects of Video Games Most of the bad effects of video games are blamed on the violence they contain. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have increased aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreased prosocial helping, according to a scientific study (Anderson Bushman, 2001). The effect of video game violence in kids is worsened by the games’ interactive nature. In many games, kids are rewarded for being more violent. The act of violence is done repeatedly. The child is in control of the violence and experiences the violence in his own eyes (killings, kicking, stabbing and shooting). This active participation, repetition and reward are effective tools for learning behavior. Indeed, many studies seem to indicate that violent video games may be related to aggressive behavior (such as Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). However, the evidence is not consistent and this issue is far from settled. Many experts including Henry Jenkins of Massachusett s Institute of Technology have noted that there is a decreased rate of juvenile crime whch coincides with the popularity of games such as Death Race, Mortal Kombat, Doom and Grand Theft auto. He concludes that teenage players are able to leave the emotional effects of the game behind when the game is over. Indeed there are cases of teenagers who commit violent crimes who also spend great amount of time playing video games such as those involved in the Columbine and Newport cases. It appears that there will always be violent people, and it just so happen that many of them also enjoy playing violent video games. Too much video game playing makes your kid socially isolated. Also, he may spend less time in other activities such as doing homework, reading, sports, and interacting with the family and friends. Some video games teach kids the wrong values. Violent behavior, vengeance and aggression are rewarded. Negotiating and other nonviolent solutions are often not options. Women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Games can confuse reality and fantasy. Academic achievement may be negatively related to over-all time spent playing video games. Studies have shown that the more time a kid spends playing video games, the poorer is his performance in school. (Anderson Dill, 2000; Gentile, Lynch Walsh, 2004). A study by Argosy Universitys Minnesota School on Professional Psychology found that video game addicts argue a lot with their teachers, fight a lot with their friends, and score lower grades than others who play video games less often. Other studies show that many game players routinely skip their homework to play games, and many students admitted that their video game habits are often responsible for poor school grades. Although some studies suggest that playing video games enhances a child’s concentration, other studies, such as a 2012 paper published inPsychology of Popular Media Culture, have found that games can hurt and help childrens attention issues — improving the ability to concentrate in short bursts but damaging long-term concentration. Video games may also have bad effects on some children’s health, including obesity, video-induced seizures. and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, carpal tunnel syndrome. When playing online, your kid can pick up bad language and behavior from other people, and may make your kid vulnerable to online dangers. A study by the Minneapolis-based National Institute for Media and the Family suggests that video games can be addictive for kids, and that the kids addiction to video games increases their depression and anxiety levels. Addicted kids also exhibit social phobias. Not surprisingly, kids addicted to video games see their school performance suffer. Kids spending too much time playing video games may exhibit impulsive behavior and have attention problems. This is according to a new study published in the February 2012 issue of the Journal of Psychology and Popular Media Culture. For the study, attention problems were defined as difficulty engaging in or sustaining behavior to reach a goal. When Im talking to people about why video games matter, I like to quote one of Woody Allens finest pieces of advice: Eighty percent of life is showing up. More than almost anything else, showing up matters. You cant find your talent for football if you never touch a ball. You cant make friends if you avoid other people. You cant get the job if you dont apply. Youll never write that screenplay if you dont start typing. Games are about everyone showing up. In classrooms full of students who range from brilliant to sullen disaffection, its games and often games alone that Ive seen engage every single person in the room. For some, the right kind of play can spell the difference between becoming part of something, and the lifelong feeling that theyre not meant to take part. Why is this? Video games are a special kind of play, but at root theyre about the same things as other games: embracing particular rules and restrictions in order to develop skills and experience rewards. When a game is well-designed, its the balance between these factors that engages people on a fundamental level. Play precedes civilization. It spans continents and generations. Its how we naturally learn the most basic mechanical and social skills and how, at its best, we can build a safe space for discovering more about ourselves. During her talk, Jane McGonigal discusses the top five regrets that people express at the end of their lives. People dont long for money, status or marble monuments. They wish theyd worked less hard, been better at staying in touch with friends, and more fully expressed their hopes and true selves. They wish they had shown up for more of the stuff that truly matters and one of the things that games like Janes do is create structures and incentives to help people focus on these things while they still have time. Some people are suspicious of any attempt to manufacture this kind of experience and I can understand why. Ispokeat TED Global 2010 about the ways that video games engage the brain, and in particular the idea of reward structures: how a challenge or task can be broken down and presented to make it as engaging as possible. This can seem a slightly sinister idea: a manipulation that replaces genuine experience with boxes to tick and hoops to jump through. At worst, you end up with a jumble of badges and achievements dumped on top of a task in a misguided effort to make it fun. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. Tom Chatfield Yet the best games and the lessons to be learned from them are far more than this. The world is already full of systems aimed at measuring, motivating and engaging us. And most of them are, by the standards of great games, simply not good enough. From exam grading to health education to professional training to democratic participation, paths towards self-realization and success in the world are often daunting and obscure: journeys only the privileged feel confident setting off along. If theres one lesson we should take from games, its that we can make this first step vastly easier and more accessible and can, given sufficient care, prompt people of all backgrounds and abilities towards richer living. This isnt to say that its easy, obvious, or that games embody any royal road towards contentment. What modernitys potent mix of play and technology does offer, though, is an unprecedented opportunity to know ourselves better and, in doing so, to master our regrets before they become our destinies.

Ethical Decision Making Models Essay -- Ethics

Introduction Ethical responsibilities are relevant in business, education, and other institutions and communities. In seeking a higher education position, making ethical decisions will be significant. Assessing ethical conduct is a key element to improving the resolution of ethical conflicts. Asking questions and surveying individuals in the medical field, businesses, colleges, and other areas will provide useful information about the impact and influence of ethical conduct. Empirical research indicates various factors influence and affect ethical behavior. Family and religion play a dominant role in producing positive ethical decisions, especially as people get older. Graduates and business executives’ perceptions inform researchers about the need for more ethical decision-making role models in business and the nursing community. Effective leadership demonstrates ethical characteristics for optimal decision-making. Studies Ellie Kaucher (2010) conducted a study to examine moral and immoral behavior, in order to establish guidelines for acceptable behavior. She explored ethical decision-making to see the relationship to effective leadership. Also, common characteristics of effective and ethical educational leaders were identified as honesty, integrity, and motivation. Results indicated effective educational leaders are sensitive to subordinates’ needs, provide support and advocate for all students, and are accountable for student success and achievement. Educational leaders who are effective and demonstrate ethical responsibilities create learning environments that are ethical, visionary, motivational, and people-centered. Learning about ethical issues and ethical decision-making models could help develop e... ...., & Ulrich, T. A. (1988). A Longitudinal Survey of Business School Graduates' Assessments of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(4), 295-302. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cameron, M. E., Schaffer, M. M., & Park, H. A. (2001). Nursing Students' Experience of Ethical Problems and Use of Ethical Decision-Making Models. Nursing Ethics, 8(5), 432-447. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Herndon Jr., N. C. (1996). A new context for ethics education objectives in a college of business: Ethical decision-making models. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 501-510. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Kaucher, E. (2010). Ethical decision making and effective leadership. Ed.D. dissertation, Alliant International University, San Diego, California. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from Dissertations & Theses: The Humanities and Social Sciences Collection. (Publication No. AAT 3401776).

Elvis Presley :: essays research papers

Elvis Aaron Presley was born on Jan 8, 1935 to Vernon and Gladys Presley, in Tupelo, Mississippi. The Presley’s were poor as people could be at the time and Vernon tried a variety of jobs to support his family. He was often away and Elvis developed a close bond with his mother. She had lost other son at birth and her ability to have other children. She put all her hopes on her one surviving son and was not to be let down. The family moved to Memphis in 1948 and that’s where Elvis’ musical talent began to bloom. Young Elvis showed his natural musical talent at an early age and pursued music through his youth. At age 19 he was signed by Sun Records and in 1955, at age 21, was signed by RCA records. He quickly shot to the top of the national charts with his first RCA single â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel† (1956). He followed with the enormously successful single record â€Å"Hound Dog†/†Don’t Be Cruel† (1956) and â€Å"All Shook Up† (1957). After that, his American sales have earned him gold, platinum or multiplatinum awards for 111 different albums and singles, far more than any other artist or group. Elvis also starred in 33 films and made history with his television appearances and specials. From 1956 to 1958, he starred in four motion pictures, all of which featured his soundtracks: Love Me Tender (1956), Jailhouse Rock (1957), Loving You (1957), and King Creole (1958). After serving in the USA Armed Forces from 1958 to 1960, Presley appeared in numerous musical films: Flaming Star, Blue Hawaii, Girls! Girls! Girls!, Viva Las Vegas, Roustabout, and others. He died at his beloved Memphis home, Graceland, on August 16th, 1977. Through the early morning of the 16th he takes care of the last minute tour details and relaxed with family and staff. He retires to his master suit around 7:00 AM to rest for his evening flight. By late morning, Elvis Presley was dead. His death has been officially attributed to heart failure, a likely result of his chronic overuse of prescription barbiturates.

My Favourite Place :: Papers

My Favourite Place I've just finished some hard homework and I know I've done it wrong. I've had a really bad day; my head is overflowing with worries about SATS tests/ my 'English talk' / that 20-page-essay I haven't started that has to be in by tomorrow. So where do I go? (Although 'off the end of a cliff ' springs to mind, it's not the answer!) I go to my bedroom with a bar of chocolate, tumble onto my bed, press the play button on my video and settle down to watch 'Friends', or 'Trigger Happy TV'. Ah! Much better! Purple!That's all you see when you walk into my room. Masses of purple everywhere, followed by a blue beaded lampshade on my light that hangs so low that it brushes your head every time you walk under it. Mirrors, pictures and photographs decorate my room. What's better than having a picture painted by your mum, gold and silver mirrors, and photographs of your best friends smiling down at you from the wall? There is a lot crammed into my small room! My giant wardrobe (my other favourite place is at the shops, so it has to house a lot of clothes!), and my bed full of cushions: - I love cushions! I have cushions of every colour, and I especially love the Indian designs with beads or tassels. The last time I counted there were thirteen! A curtain canopy hangs over my bed, with my blue dream catcher above my head as I sleep. The bay window is one of the best features of my room.

Perhaps Othello Essay

Perhaps Othello cannot be regarded as the greatest of William Shakespeare’s tragedies, but many readers and viewers have found it incredibly exciting, logical, and most intense of all of Shakespeare’s plays. When performed, Othello is implacable in its drive toward tragedy, drawing spectators into the greatly shocking play of a husband quickly pushed to murder his blameless wife. Moreover, the Afro-American warrior Othello – the only black character in Shakespeare – becomes a husband of a white woman. Thus, the tragedy also touches on important issues that have become pressing in present period: racial prejudice and attraction to the â€Å"Other† (Othello Study Guide). Othello also allows readers to consider such important human issues as the nature of sexual jealousy and the difficulty of feeling certain about anything or anyone in this world. This paper is designed, first, to draw attention to these relevant issues in the play. Second, it will attempt to analyze these issues by exploring their many contexts so that it is possible to present various ways of understanding Othello from theoretical perspectives. Othello Shakespeare’s chief source for Othello was a story found in Giraldi Cinthio Hecatommithi, a collection of interesting tales where the major topic is marriage (Othello Study Guide). If one compares Italian story with Shakespeare’s, he or she can see English playwright’s incredible skills in transforming an ordinary story into logical and effective drama. Shakespeare modifies some parts of the story to emphasize dramatic plot and make character presentation much sharper. Further, he makes significant changes in the text, inserting and removing some parts, to dignify his protagonist and turn a melodramatic story into excellent tragedy. Othello is not created on such a huge scale as Shakespeare’s other famous tragedies. The play has neither the superhuman and magical dimensions of Hamlet and Macbeth, where the readers meet Ghost and Witches, nor King Lear’s unceasing feeling of doubt and uncertainty regarding â€Å"Nature† and the gods. Nevertheless, Othello is the only one of the four tragedies to present the reader with two separate countries as locations: civilized world of Renaissance Venice and the island of Cyprus. A. C. Bradley (1962) describes Othello as the most â€Å"masterly† of Shakespeare’s tragedies in its construction (144). Bradley stresses the fact that Shakespeare uses virtually no delaying tactics to slow down the action in the play, as, for example, in Hamlet where the hero delays his revenge, and no subplot to develop complicating consequences, as the reader finds in King Lear. Acts from 2 to 5, taking place in Cyprus, form a persistent sequence without significant interruptions. Further, however, there are some variations in pace – the slower tempo of the willow scene in acts 4 and 3, where Desdemona and Emilia take stock of the situation. In this regard, Ned B. Allen (1968) arrives at a conclusion that the instances of long time, for the most part in acts 3 and 4, are the result of Shakespeare’s sticking to Giraldi Cinthio’s slow-paced tale more densely there than the playwright does in acts 1 and 2 (13-29). Arguing that â€Å"double time† is a skilful device to heighten the credibility of the action, Ridley expresses admiration for Shakespeare’s â€Å"astonishing skill† in placing close together allusions to long time with a strong impression of a thirty-three-hour time span on Cyprus (lxx). It is, Ridley believes, a literary technique of lulling the reader into thinking that more time has passed than the action declares. In this manner, the reader does not question why, logically, Othello would be killing his wife for her supposed unfaithfulness the very night after he has brought to completion their marriage. Interestingly, among Shakespeare’s tragedies, Othello may be regarded as the least connected with social or political developments and transformations. The play does not appear to have been written on the topic of a specific historical event or social movement in the beginning of 1600s. Othello is a domestic tragedy. Thus, it exposes power plays inside relations between representatives of patriarchal society – in particular, in father-daughter and husband-wife relationships. But not like King Lear, that constantly expresses uncertainty about received â€Å"authority† as the king’s status is depreciated, Othello does not deal with the wider political branches of this social power. Nor does Othello take into consideration faults in state power that the reader can observe in Shakespeare’s history plays and Coriolanus. Although Othello is of aristocratic birth, he is not the real or possible leader of his realm (while Lear, Macbeth, and Hamlet are all kings), upon whose decisions and thoughts depend the whole state and its people. At the same time, however, Othello is concerned with important cultural and social issues. Precisely, Othello’s exact color has been much considered with references to racist issues (Shakespearean Criticism). What is important is that Othello is a black warrior, in all likelihood from North Africa, and now dwelling in a white European society. The issue of racial difference is deeply embedded in the tragedy and is very well obvious in performance. How would the character have been considered by the Jacobean public, and how is he understood this day? Does Othello make effort to incorporate or refuse to accept racist stereotypes of that time? How much does Desdemona, a white upper-class representative, breaks the moral rules of her society by making decision to marry a black warrior, and finally does Othello give approval to or reject her open and bold resistance to authority and power? Taking into consideration these questions, one can analyze ways in which Othello contributes to the discussion on two groups – black African men and white women – that were often made seem unimportant in the beginning of seventeenth century. Even though it cannot be equated with present day racial discrimination issues, color prejudice appears to have developed in England under Queen Elizabeth and King James. Black was associated with evil, Africans’ dark skins was considered to belong to the devil. Taking into account the racial prejudices of the time, it is unusual that Shakespeare decides to make his tragic hero an Afro-American and his villain the white Iago. Critic John Salway, for example, considers that Shakespeare introduces the general preconceptions regarding Africans by means of the racist discourse of Iago and Brabantio – Iago glibly utters slander about Othello as â€Å"lusty Moor† and â€Å"devil†, while Brabantio, who â€Å"lov’d† Othello as a warrior, ascribes responsibility to him for winning his daughter’s love through â€Å"damned† witchcraft (30). John Salway considers that the playwright does so only to explode these prejudices in the course of the play. In this respect, Othello’s mistake is a natural human weakness rather than a fault coming from his race. John Salway also acknowledges the long-established medieval tradition, literary and decorative, that connected the black man with lower rank in society and damnation. The author argues, at the same time, that a countercurrent of religious discourse and art, for example, the special importance given to inner holiness over outward appearance and the description of Balthazar, one of the Magi bearing gifts for the infant Christ, as a black man, provided Shakespeare with an opportunity to develop Othello as a â€Å"great Christian gentleman† (45). Salway finds no prove in the tragedy that the character is really savage, since he gains his nobility again after his tragic loss of faith in Desdemona (55-56). Martin Orkin (1987), a South African scholar keenly aware of how Shakespeare’s Othello gives occasion for racist responses, is in basic agreement with Salway’s statements. He believes that Shakespeare works â€Å"consciously against the color prejudice that can be seen in â€Å"the language of Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio† and denies such prejudices giving emphasis to the â€Å"limitations† of â€Å"human judgment† in general as the real cause of Othello’s tragedy (170-181). All this is right from the one side: Shakespeare creates his characterization of â€Å"valiant Othello† far beyond that of the traditional stereotype. On the other side, however, there are situations in the play when Othello’s actions do generate the sinful barbarian image. This is specifically the case in act 4, where the character loses his mind in a frantic mania of jealousy (â€Å"savage madness† is how Iago gives account of it), promises to â€Å"chop† Desdemona into â€Å"messes† after overhearing the dialogue that takes place between Iago and Cassio. Moreover, Othello behaves immorally by making a physical attack on Desdemona in public. Does Shakespeare try to demonstrate color prejudice by making Othello returning again and again to the traditional image of ‘black savage’? One resistance against attack on Othello’s behavior in the play is to claim that it is a victory of Iago’s hard-hearted intrigue with him, combined with the Moor’s dramatic readiness to consider as true the negative, oversimplified stereotype of himself. It seems that Othello’s humiliating performance is almost destined to cause the audience to become unfriendly, both Jacobean and present. By the concluding part of the play, Othello is divided between the individual characteristics he has attempted to maintain as an honorary white in Venice – where the Senate has allowed him military services and even more, in contrast to Brabantio, forgave his relationship with a white woman – and his strong inner sense of himself as an African â€Å"Other†. In being fatally overwhelmed by jealousy and murdering his wife, Othello eventually describes himself as more related by blood to the ignoble Judean and the malicious Muslim Turk than to the civilized and noble Christian. Some readers and viewers may feel that Othello compensates his rank as an inspiring tragic hero in the culmination, while others may dissent in opinion. And while it is right to claim that Othello does not give approval to the deeply felt prejudices of an Iago, how does the audience feel about Emilia’s racist comments in the final part of the play? Emilia becomes the center of tragic attention when she reveals Othello’s dreadful mistake and dismantles any â€Å"just grounds† for his believing that Desdemona committed sexual intercourse with other man. Preoccupied with her frank truth-telling, the spectators are encouraged to become accomplices of her views even though they are full of racial intense dislike. Emilia refers to Othello as the â€Å"blacker devil† describing his behavior as â€Å"ignorant as dirt† and feels sorry that Desdemona was â€Å"too fond of her most filthy bargain†. These examples demonstrate the difficulty of reaching an exact decision where the play stands regarding Othello’s blackness and racial prejudice. Because of the fact that the balance of dramatic sympathies shifts from episode to episode, readers are likely to agree with Emilia’s angry release of prejudice while rejecting Iago’s coldly malicious racism, in spite of the close relationship he has established with the reader. In this regard, one can compare Othello with Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice. Just as The Merchant of Venice may at the same time destroy anti-Semitic prejudice (in Shylock’s probing speech â€Å"Hath not a Jew eyes? † and support it (with Shylock’s absurdly incongruous behavior and wish that his daughter â€Å"were hears’d at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin! †), it can be stated that Othello stimulates discourse regarding the racist stereotypes of the sixteenth-century life even though it supports them to some extent. It should be observed, however, that to be totally free of racism and any discrimination, the playwright would have to invent a new language with no words containing a hidden implication, no unfair treatment of a color character, and no connection in the play between blackness and evil, whiteness and good. Expressing the same idea but differently, Othello cannot go beyond the language and traditions of its culture. According to Juliet Dusinberre (1976), if black-skinned men were considered as the â€Å"Other† in the sixteenth-century Europe, then women could be also called as a painful Other in patriarchal communities. The Reformation in England is at times thought as a period when attitudes and views toward female roles, at least inside marriage relations, were becoming more liberal and humanistic (Dusinberre 3-5). Puritans encouraged an equal marriage partnership, in contrast to the accepted without question subordination of wife to her husband, and valued married chastity above celibacy. However, it can be supposed that this elevation of the married relationships might have served as a method to contain women’s uncontrollable desire rather than to encourage a real self-dependence for them. It is easy to see that Desdemona is committed to the ideal of married chastity, but she is also a woman who tries to rebel. Obviously, her courageous rejection of her father’s wishes (and, globally, those of the Venetian upper class) so that it is possible to marry a black warrior and her honest desire to follow the â€Å"rites† for which she married Othello create behavior not conforming to accepted rules and standards in Venetia. The woman has stepped beyond the permitted boundaries of her race – â€Å"Against all rules of nature,† as Brabantio describes this – and the modesty that most people expect of female gender. Shakespeare, in spite of her faults, presents the rebellious and disobedient Desdemona as a character deserving admiration. Her powerful and effective language in explaining why she chose Othello despite her father’s unwillingness, her brave strong passion for the Moor, and her spirited and powerful (even though unreasonable) defense of Cassio are all probable to win the sympathies and admiration of the readers. Desdemona’s boldness, as well as Othello’s initial approval and praise of it (he describes her as his â€Å"fair warrior† when he comes to Cyprus), all say about a marriage with mutual love and respect for each other. When living in Cyprus, however, Desdemona becomes more isolated and open to temptation and persuasion. Once Othello incorporates Iago’s views, interpreting the meaning of Desdemona’s behavior as unfaithful and indiscriminate actions, the woman has no means of opposing her husband’s violent desire to control her life. It would seem, taking into consideration these issues, that there are contradictory messages present throughout the play about what behavior is right for women. The uncontrollable female who calls into question her place in the male-dominated community is given some capacity for independent action but ironically is then punished, primarily because Othello misinterprets her actions, but also, the drama may suggest, because of her desires going beyond acceptable boundaries of taste and convention of the time. Like with the issue of racism regarding Othello’s personality, Emilia’s role emphasizes the contradictory treatment of women in the tragedy. Her passionate defense of wives in act 4 produces the double sexual standard by which relationships between men and women are determined: And have not we affections? Desires for sport? and frailty? as men have? Then let them use us well; else let them know, The ills we do, their ills instruct us so. Since Emilia expresses a convinced belief that women are men’s equals in desire and have the full right to live and act like their husbands, her declaration is potentially ungrounded in its denial of gender qualities that work only to the advantage of men. At the same time, however, the meaning of the speech, as well as what the reader knows of Emilia so far, tends to decrease the power of the statement. Emilia has the similar gender of Desdemona but not social position. As a result, Shakespeare’s readers might make little of the sense of her statements, justifying them as fitting for serving women but not actual for upper-class women. Interestingly, Emilia has surrendered to her husband’s â€Å"fantasy† herself. She subordinated herself to his fanciful idea and thus affirmed the opposite of her philosophy of independence — by presenting him the gift. Conclusion Regarded by many scholars as one of Shakespeare greatest tragedies, together with Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear, Othello has a traditional tragic plot, tracing the hero’s fall from splendor and combining together human qualities of nobility with actins and decisions that lead to unavoidable suffering and loss. Othello is, at the same time, one of Shakespeare’s most emotionally touching works. The driving power with which the extremely effective but destructive series of events develops creates an exciting sense of chaotic violent and confused movement that captivates both readers and viewers almost as much as it drives the characters. Shakespeare’s character development and his incorporation of difficult issues in the play produced an incredibly complex play that considers a number of important moral and social questions. Works Cited Allen, Ned B. â€Å"The Two Parts of Othello†, ShS, 2, 1968, in Honigmann, E. A. J. Othello. Cengage Learning EMEA, 2001. Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy. London: Macmillan, 1962. Dusinberre, J. Shakespeare and the Nature of Women. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976. Orkin, M. Othello and the Plain Face of Racism, SQ, 38. 2, 1987. Othello Study Guide. Available from: http://www. shakespearefest. org/Othello%20Study%20Guide. htm Othello. Shakespearean Criticism. Available from: http://www. enotes. com/shakespearean-criticism/othello-vol-68 Salway, J. â€Å"Veritable Negroes and Circumcised Dogs: Racial Disturbances in Shakespeare†, in Lesley Aers and Nigel Wheale (eds. ), Shakespeare in the Changing Curriculum (London and New York: Routledge, 1991). Shakespeare, W. â€Å"Othello, the Moore of Venice†. Shakespeare Homepage. Available from: http://shakespeare. mit. edu/othello/full. html

Hymer International Operations Of National Firms Economics Essay

This study has discussed distinguishable conjectural model of FDI that takes topographical point. These theories concisely explicate why kins go to hassle when set uping or expireing abroad. Theories that use on this study atomic number 18 Hymer s parts, switch life-cycle theory, caves possibility, incorporation opening, the discriminatingist paradigm, strategic motives of remote bet invest and invest demeanor cultivation ( integrated data processing ) system. This study anyway evaluates Honda automotive as an illustration on how they survive and compete in the rivalrous step to the foreside(a) products at a timeadays with utilizing FDI theoretical floors, statistics and theories. establish on these analyses, I feel that FDI takes an of even outt process to dickenswn(prenominal) extraneous and troops evokes and in any case touch steadfast sort or effects on forces sparing systems.IntroductionThis study go fore chat Foreign Direct Investment theories and mensuration the FDI of a victorious participant perseverance that chosen, Toyota, japan. Foreign machinate investing ( FDI ) is the secern breakn to treat where a signboard from a dom ain provides detonating device to an bing or upstartly-created home plate in an opposite res publica ( J singles, 2006 1 ) . For illustration, a extraneous devote up whitethorn make up ones judgement to set-up action in the UK and by so making testament prosecuting in the agency cognise as FDI. Firms spin uping issue in more(prenominal)(prenominal) than one enunciate argon frequently referred to as transnational endeavors ( MNEs ) . Tormenting ( 1981 ) notes on that point be two school principal jobs with sing FDI. First, FDI is more than still the rapture of capital, since merely as signifi tummytly it involves the tape transport of engineering, delegation and organisational accomplishments. Second, the resources argon transferred inwardly the nursing home kind of than in the midst of two autarkic parties in the merchandise topographic point, as is the instance with capital ( Jones, 2006 1 ) . These factors give FDI own a alone primaeval theories and frequently cited as Hymer ( 1960 ) worldwide trading operations of national rest homes Vernon s ( 1966 ) deal life-cycle theory Cave s ( 1971 ) horizontal and normal theories Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) Internalization theory Dunning ( 1977 ) discriminating theory Graham ( 1978 ) strategic behaviour of posts and posterior Dunning ( 1981 ) investing victimization way ( integrated data processing ) theory. This study volition get sight by analyzing the Hymer ( 1960 ) theory.( Keywords Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, theory, japan FDI, Honda )Literature Review1.1 Hymer ( 1960 ) international operations of national kinsfolksHymer s ( 1960 ) , who saw defects in the prevailing lay that put investings and portfolio were synonymous with one an opposite(prenominal) . Hymer celebrated that direct investing was primary(prenominal)ly performed by dramaticss in manufacturing, whereas there was a predominance of fiscal faces problematic in portfolio investing ( Jones, 2006 1 ) . Hymer was besides explained why direct investings crosswise assorted demesnes ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) . Hymer ( 1960 ) verbalised his dissatisfaction with the theory of indirect ( or portfolio ) capital transportations to explicate the unusual assess-added activities of kinfolks ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . In peculiar, he identified iii evidence for his discontent. The first was that one time uncertainty and act, the damage of geting information and volatile substitution rates and doing minutess were incorporated into classical portfolio theory, many a(prenominal) anticipations, for illustration, with regard to the cross-border motions of notes capital in reception to involvement rate rewrites, became nullified. This was because such securities industry imp erfectnesss modified the behavioral parametric quantities impacting public cedeation of theaters and the behavior and, in peculiar, scheme in serving unconnected professions ( Tormenting, 2008 3 ) . Second, Hymer affirmd that FDI involved the transportation of a bundle of resource ( i.e engineering, entrepreneurship, direction accomplishments, and so on ) , and non merely pay capital which portfolio theories such as Iversen ( 1935 ) had sought-after(a) to explicate. The 3rd and possibly just about redbird feature of FDI was that it involved no alteration in the self-command of resources or rights transferred, whereas indirect investing, which was transacted through the commercialise, did ask such a alteration. In effects, the organisational mode of two the dealing of the resources, for illustration, mediate mathematical products, and the value-added activities linked by these minutess was divergent. Furthermore, Hymer s theory of FDI draws its influence from Bain s ( 1956 ) barricades to entry theoretical account of industrial sparing sciences ( Teece, 1985 ) . Hymer Begins by observing that there be barriers to entry for a house desiring to set-up performance abroad. These atomic number 18 in the shape of uncertainness, hazard, and soldiery-country patriotism ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) . Uncertainty gives prepargon to cost in get the disclose ofing informational dis usefulnesss associated with strangeness with topical anaesthetic imposts. Each state has its ain linguistic communications, legal system, economic system and g every adjustnance, which office houses from exterior of the state at a disadvantage compargond to houses that are of course resident to the state. The 2nd barrier is chauvinistic favoritism by server states, which may happen by the authorities with a protectionist docket, or by consumers of the host state who prefer to buy goods from ain national houses for cubic yard of allegiant or trueness inclinations. The con cluding barrier manifests itself as an flip-flop rate hazard ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) . As the house has to pay a dividend to its stockholders in the place state it has to repatriate the wage in nonpluss hold to its ain currency. given these barriers to international productions, why do houses occupy in international direct investing? Harmonizing to Hymer there are two grounds, whether of which could use, and both(prenominal) of which are expected to increase its coffin nail incomes ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) . First, the house removes rivalry from within the industry, by taking-over or by unifying(a) with houses in other states. Second, the house has advantages over other houses runing in a foreign state. Examples of the latter are the ability of the house to get factors of production at a reject cost, the usage of wear out distri stillional inst altogetherations, the self-will of scholarship non cognise to its challengers or a differentiated swap that is at a time known in the other state. some(prenominal) grounds stress the conditional relationeeance of grocery imperfectnesss ( Dunning and Rugman, 1985 ) , and underlying these the investor has direct control of the investing.Overall, these grounds are non sufficient for a house to prosecute in direct foreign investing, as what is necessary is that it must come in the foreign market in order to to the full allow the net incomes, for illustration, a house could licence its merchandise to a house in the foreign state, so that it need non straight put in the market. However, there are jobs with licencing the merchandise. These embroil the failure to make an understanding with the licensing house over the degrees of end product or monetary values, or the be involved in the monitoring an understanding make in the midst of the houses.1.2 Product Life-Cycle conjectureVernon ( 1966 ) , argued that the determination to get up production is non made by standard factor-cost or labour-cost analysis, but by a more complicated bit ( Kogut, 1998 2, p.29 ) . The merchandise rhythm theoretical account was introduced in the 1960s to explicate market- want production by houses of a peculiar self-possession or nationality ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . On the other manus, the merchandise rhythm was the first moral force reading of the determiners of, and blood among, international spate and foreign production ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . It besides introduced some fresh hypotheses sing require stimulations, engineering leads and slowdowns, and information and communicating cost, which throw off later proved utile tools in the survey of foreign production and exchange ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Harmonizing to Vernon, a merchandise has a life rhythm that has tierce chief phases. These phases are of import as they discombobulate deductions for the international spatial relation of a merchandise as follows.Phase unrivaled swop development surgical operation. In other words, the nature of the merc handise that the house is doing is non standardised ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) .Phase Two Maturing merchandise. This means that the charter for the merchandise to be situated virtually to its market diminutions, which allows for economic systems of take aim table. These impact on the locational determination of the house, oddly as the demand for the merchandise is apt(predicate) to turn in other states, and the house will hold to make up ones judgment whether it is deserving puting up production abroad. Furthermore, this could even intend that the place state experiences exports band aging to it from the foreign engages.Phase Three convertible merchandise. This is an extension to the maturating merchandise phase, where the standardization of the merchandise has reached its zenith , and a concluding model of the merchandise has been found ( Kogut, 1998 2 ) .1.3 Caves TheoryCaves ( 1971 ) , expanded upon Hymer s theory of direct investing, and placed it unwaveringly in the contex t of industrial administration theory ( Jones, 2006 1 ) . The importance of Caves go bad is that this theory will associate Hymer s theory of international production to the so current theories of industrial administration on horizontal and perpendicular integrating. Caves identify between houses that engage in horizontal FDI and those that cut perpendicular FDI ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . Horizontal FDI takes topographic point when a house enters into its ain merchandise market within a foreign state, whereas perpendicular FDI happens when a house enters into the merchandise market at a different phase of production ( Jones, 2006 1 ) .1.4 Internalisation TheoryCoase ( 1937 ) , examines the function that dealing costs play in the formation of administrations known as internalization theory ( Jones, 2006 1 ) . In brief, Coase was tendinged with why houses follow and why non all minutess in a n economic system issue forth in the market. Coase besides answered this in footings of th e minutess costs involved in utilizing the market, where this is the cost of seeking and finding the market monetary value, or, one time the monetary value is found, the cost of talks, subscribing and enforcement of contracts between the parties involved in the dealing. The use of internalization is developed to explicate international production and FDI, and one of the taking advocates is Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) . They present the MNE as basically an extension of the multi-plant house ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . Bucley and Casson note that the operations of house, particularly big houses, take the word form non merely of take in forthing services and goods, but activities such as selling, preparation, development and re face, direction techniques and struggle with fiscal markets. These activities are mutualist and are connected by intermediate merchandises , taking the signifier of either cognition or stuff merchandises, and expertness. A simple machinedinal intermediate merc handise in the internalization theory of FDI is know directge. One ground is that cognition takes a considerable period of clip to set ashore forth, for illustration through development and research, but is exceedingly hazardous, so that hereafters markets do non be. Sellers of markets may be unwilling to unwrap information, which has faint-hearted value to the purchaser, doing market fail. Further, Sellerss and purchasers of cognition can frequently keep a denounce of market power, which leads to a bilateral ingress of power ( Williamson, 1979 ) , and unsure results ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . These jobs prove the terrible troubles in licensing and undertaking where information is important.In respects to internationalization, the public good holding of cognition agencies it is easy transmit within the house, irrespective of whether it is inside or across national boundaries. This creates internal markets across national boundaries, and as Buckley and Casson province, as houses search for and work cognition to their maximal lastingness they do so in horde locations, with this taking topographic point on an international gradational table, taking to a web of workss on a world-wide footing ( Jones, 2006 1, p.45 ) . The internalization theories of FDI played an of import function in progressing and growing the theory of FDI in the 1970s and have remained public since that clip ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) .1.5 The Eclectic Paradigm( ravish refer to postpone 2.1 and 2.2 in reading this subdivision )Reflecting upon the history of the theory of FDI, Dunning ( 1977 ) tell that it was genuinely much couched in footings of either the structural market failure hypothesis of Hymer and Caves or the internalization attack of Buckley and Casson ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Tormenting provided an eclectic answer to these by imparting the viing theories together to organize a respective(prenominal) theory, or paradigm as it is more frequently referred. The basic premiss of Dunning s paradigm is that it links together Hymer s ownership advantages with the internalization school, and at the alike(p) clip adds a locational dimension to the theory, which at the clip had non been to the full explored ( Jones, 2006 1 ) . Further, Dunning does aspirate off to present some unused considerations, such as the impact that different state and industry features have on each of the ownership, locational and internalization advantages of FD ( Jones, 2006 1 ) .The eclectic paradigm of FDI provinces that a house will straight put in a foreign state merely if it fulfils three conditions. First, the house must possess an ownership-specific plus, which gives it an advantage over other houses and which are sole to the house. Second, it must internalize these assets within the house instead than through catching or licensing. Third, there must be an advantage in setting-up production in a peculiar foreign state instead than trusting on exports ( Blomstrom, 2000 8 ) . assorted sheaths of ownership ( O ) , locational ( L ) and internalization ( I ) factors are given in knock back 1 ( critical pointly known as OLI ) ( Jones, 2006 1 ) .Internalization advantages are the ways that a house maximises the additions from their ownership advantages to avoid or get the burst of market imperfectnesss ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Internalisation-specific advantages consequences in the procedure of production going internal to the house. Reasons for internalization include the turning by of dealing costs, the protection of the good, market and finance, turning away of duties and the ability to capture economic systems of graduated table from production ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) .Furthermore, non all of the OLI conditions for FDI will be equally parcel out across states, and accordingly each term will be determined by the factors that are specific to single states ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Linkss between the OLI advantages and the country-specific features are summarised in Table 2. For illustration, the ownership-specific advantage of house size is apt(predicate) to be influenced by market size in the house s place state ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . This is because the larger the market is, the more likely will a house be able to pull in ownership-specific advantages in the signifier of economic systems of graduated table. In footings of location-specific factors, grasp costs will change across developed and developing states, darn conveyance costs are determined by the distance between the host and place states. Finally, country-specific factors are likely to impact the grade to which houses internalise their advantages.1.6 strategical Motivations of Foreign Direct InvestmentDespite the progresss made by the eclectic attack to FDI, the theory has been criticised for handle another facet of FDI theory. Knickerbocker ( 1973 ) , and so sophisticated by Graham ( 1978, 1998 ) . The distinguished singularity of the strategic attack to FD I is that is believes that an initial influx of FDI into a state will bring forth a reaction signifier the local manufacturers in that state, so that FDI is a dynamic procedure. The procedure from the domestic manufacturers can either be aggressive or defensive in nature. An aggressive response would be a monetary value war or entry into the foreign house s place market while a defensive response would be an acquisition or union of other domestic manufacturers to reenforce market power ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) .1.7 Investment information Path TheoryJohn Dunning s investment development way ( integrated data processing ) theory ( 1981 ) and its in style(p) version ( Tormenting an Narula 1994 ) are implicitly construct on the impression that the telluric economic system is needfully hierarchal in footings of the assorted phases of economic development in which its diverse component states are situated. The IDP basically traces out the net cross-border flows of industrial cognition, the flows that are internalised in foreign direct investing ( FDI ) and that restructure and upgrade the planetary economic system, although there is besides the non-equity subjectwrite of cognition transportation such as licensing, turn-key operations, and the similar. In this manner, the IDP can consequently be position as a cross-border larning abbreviate exhibited by a state that successfully move up the phases of development by geting industrial cognition from its more advanced neighbours . A move from the U-shaped ( i.e shun NOI ) part to the wiggle subdivision of the IDP indicates an equilibration in cognition airing ( Dunning, 1996 5, p.143 ) and that is, a narrowing of the industrial engineering spread between the advanced and the catching-up states. Therefore, IDP curve conceptualised by Dunning is an idealized form base on free-market exchanged of cognition among states ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) .japan Automotive Industry2.1 Components-intensive assembly-based fabri cation and FDI( first, calling-conflict-skirting, but afterwards rationalizing type )Cars and auto-parts had long been targeted by the lacquerese authorities as one of the most promising industries in which both high technological betterment and productiveness were likely and whose merchandises were extremely income elastic. In add-on to cars, another components-intensive, assembly-based industry that successfully emerged in japan in the 1970s was consumer electronics ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . both cars and consumer electronics came to capitalize really adroitly on Japan s double industrial construction in which legion little(a) and moderate-sized endeavor coexisted alongside a express figure of large-scale houses the former specialised at the comparatively labor-intensive last, while the latter operated at the comparatively capital-intensive, scale-based terminal of vertically incorporate fabrication ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) .Furthermore, it was besides in Japan s car industry ( at Toyota labor Co. , to be exact ) that a new fabrication paradigm, lean or waxy production, originated as a superior survival to Fordist mass production ( Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990 ) . This technological advancement came to be reflected in lifting engineering exports in the conveyance equipment ( largely, car ) industry. But the really success of constructing up the efficient, large-scale ( hence exploitative of scale/scope economic systems ) hierarchies of assembly operations in extremely differentiated cars and electronics goods, along with increased R & A D and technological aggregation ( which is reflected in increasing engineering exports ) , resulted in Japan s export pig out and spread outing swop excess. These state of affairss in bend rapidly led to merchandise issues and the crisp grasp of the craving ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) .To besiege protectionism, Japanese manufacturers of cars and electronics goods began to alternate their exports with local assembly o perations in the Western markets, chiefly in northeastward the state of matters and Europe. Meanwhile, they besides started to bring forth reasonably standardised ( Internet Explorer. relatively low value added ) parts and constituents, or those that can be cost-effectively produced, locally, both in low-wage developing states, particularly in Asia, and in high-wage Western countries- in the latter, with the installing of labour-cost-reducing and labour-quality-augmenting mechanisation equipment largely shipped from Japan. Therefore, a web of Nipponese abroad ventures began to straddle the advanced host states and the developing host states at the akin clip ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) .Recently, these assembly-based FDIs are travelling beyond the barter-conflict-skirting stage to make a new stage of rationalised cross-border production and selling. much and more constituents are produced at supplied place to the abroad fabrication outstations. Besides, low-end merchandises ( theor etical accounts ) are assigned to production and selling in the developing host states, particularly in Asia some are imported back into Japan. Therefore, we can spot a more refined or more acutely delineated and specialised signifier of allot within an industry ( i.e intra industry ) or more suitably within a house ( i.e intra- house trade ) and within a production procedure ( i.e inter-process trade ) , a new signifier of trade made possible by rationalisation-seeking type of FDI ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) .2.2 Toyota( Please refer to vermiform process 1 & A 2 in reading this subdivision )The Nipponese market is the most amalgamate of all three markets. Toyota, is a multinational Nipponese international auto maker where headquartered in Aichi, Japan ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . Harmonizing to appendix 1, in 2011, Toyota was the fifth biggest multinational companies with foreign sale as 60.8 per centum of entire. Besides, it has 38 % of its 326,000 workers abroad ( Economist, 2012 7 ) . In 2009, Toyota entirely has 36.88 per centum of the rider auto market, 18.29 per centum of the truck market and 79.72 per centum of the coach market ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) . Excluding Japan, Toyota is the market leader in two of the six largest states in Asia Pacific which are Malaysia and Thailand ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) . Furthermore, in 2009, two regional markets accounted for 78 per centum of Toyota s unprocessed Asia ( with Japan at 48.3 per centum of grosss ) and North America ( at 29.70 per centum of grosss ) Europe was merely at 14.1 per centum of grosss and equilibrium of the innovation 7.9 per centum, and because, it is a bi-region-focused company. Harmonizing to appendix 2, In term of units sold, the geographic distribution is similar where Asia and Oceania history for 14 per centum, North America 32 per centum and Europe 14 per centum. Therefore, in footings of gross and units sold, Toyota is a bi-regional company ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) .Over 10 old ages, Toyota s intr a-regional per centum of gross revenues has decreased from 57.1 per centum to 46.2 per centum. One major ground for this is the Nipponese market itself, where gross revenues decreased for 48.4 per centum of entire grosss in 1993 to 38.3 per centum in 2002. As comparing, North American, European, and non-triad gross revenues have steadily increased in importance. Toyota manufactures locally over two tierces of the auto sells in unite States. Local reactivity is of import for Toyota. Toyota introduced its luxury theoretical accounts to suit the wealthier and aging North American babe boomers in the 1990s. Today, the company is presenting autos to aim the immature American client, the demographic reverberation of the babe boomers. Since 60 per centum of US auto purchasers remain loyal to the trade get up of first auto, it is therefore imperative to serve this immature market ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) .Furthermore, American consumers, have been antiphonary to the company s repute for low er monetary value and quality at which Toyota s autos are sold ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) . Besides, the resale value is besides higher for Toyota autos. One major advantage for Toyota is that is has some of the outflank fabrication installations in the universe, and it combined this with first-class mail relationships with its providers. Until late, Toyota was one of the most efficient companies at outsourcing production to providers with whom it enjoys amicable long-run, sometimes keiretsu-style, relationship ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . If the car industry is to go more like the electronics industry, vehicle trade name proprietor ( VBOs ) , such as GM, and VW, will be the equivalent of headmaster equipment makers ( OEMs ) in the electronics industry, such as Nokia, and will concentrate on designing, technology, and selling vehicles to be sold under their trade name while others take attention of fabrication ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Toyota is likely farther along this outsourcing path than o ther triad car shapers.Overall, although Toyota has much intra-regional trade and FDI, this does non intend that trade or FDI between them has declined ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) . As discussed, all of them have invested big sums of money in each other. For illustration, in 2008, the EU state has $ 1,622.911 gazillion of FDI in the United States and $ 86.915 billion in Japan. The United States imports $ 377 billion from the EU and $ 143.4 billion from Japan. So they are closely linked in footings of both trade and FDI ( M.Rugman, 2012 6 ) .3. DecisionsOverall, this study has reviewed the theoretical literature on foreign direct investing and Honda automotive in the FDI international markets. Since Hymer, there have been efforts to turn to a figure of issues, such as why FDI occurs and where it locates. This study has besides take on board developments in Dunning s eclectic paradigm of FDI, which non merely encompasses ownership and internalization advantages of transnational endeavor, but the function that location dramas in a house s determination to put abroad. Since the clip of the eclectic paradigm, other theories have emerged that have emphasize the importance of the function of scheme in FDI in the face of globalisation and a corresponding growing in contention between houses. In this, the function of the conventional barriers to entry across states, such as the differences in the legal, economic environments and lingual, have compose less of import, and FDI is now be viewed as competition between a a few(prenominal) houses on an international phase ( Dunning, 1996 5 ) . Tormenting s IDP paradigm provides a challenging model to analyze the Nipponese industry experience, because the instance of Japan seems so deviant from the norm set onwards in the macro-IDP form. The Asiatic NIEs and the new NIEs ( ASEAN-4 ) and now new new NIEs ( China, Vietnam and India ) have moulded their developmental schemes along the line of MNE- facilitated development in order to swing up . Indeed, Japan automotive seems to hold been a function theoretical account for other eastmost and South East Asiatic states to volley in their thrust to economic modernization.In add-on, to the high degree of international foreboding conducted across the three, companies in the three are invariably looking for new thoughts from other parts that will do them more competitory. In the United States, for illustration, the caput of the federal official Reserve System has expressed the opinion that US antimonopoly patterns are out of day of the month and that rivals should be allowed to get and unify with each other in order to protect themselves from universe competition ( Dunning, 2008 3 ) . This thought has long been democratic in Japan where Keiretsus, or concern groups, which consist of a host of companies that are linked together through ownership and/or joint ventures, dominate the local environment and are able to give their combined connexions and weal th to rule universe markets.( 2000 words )Table 1The Three Conditions of the Eclectic TheoryOwnership-specific advantages ( internal to endeavors of one nationality )Size of houseTechnology and trade MarkssManagement and organizational systemsEntree to save capacityEconomies of joint supplyGreater entree to markets and cognitionInternational chances such as diversifying hazardLocation-specific advantage ( finding the location of production )Distribution of inputs and marketsCost of labor, conveyance and stuffs costs between statesGovernment intercession and policies mercenary and legal substructureLanguage, civilization and imposts ( ie psychic distance )Internalisation-specific advantages ( get the better ofing market imperfectnesss )Decrease in hunt, dialogue and monitoring costsAvoidance of attribute right enforcement costsEngage in monetary value favoritism shelter of merchandiseAvoidance of dutiesBeginning Dunning ( 1981 )Table 2Features of Countries and OLI-specific Advantages Owbnership-specific advantagesState featuresSize of houseLarge marketsBroad attitudes to amalgamationsTechnology and trade MarkssGovernment support of inventionSkilled work forceManagement and organizational systemsSupply of trained directors.Educational installationsMerchandise distinctionHigh income statesDegrees of advertisement and sellingLocation-specific advantagesState featuresCostss of labor and stuffsDeveloped or developing stateConveyance costs between statesDistance between statesGovernment intercession and policiesAttitudes of authorities to FDIEconomies of graduated tableSize of marketsPsychic distanceSimilarities of states linguistic communications and civilizations.Internalisation-specific advantagesState featuresSearching negociating monitoring costs.Greater degrees of commandment and larger markets make cognition type ownership-specific advantages more likely to happen.Avoid costs of implementing belongings rights.Protection of merchandises.Beginning Dunning ( 198 1 )Appendix 1Degree centigrades UsersuserDesktop20120714_woc582_5.png